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 ===== Legion =====
+//Main Article: [[lore:Irillian Legions]]//
-==== Irill ====
+The core if the Irillian army and most recognized of their units. The legion is an infantry unit that fights in the traditional Irillian phalanx. This requires a great deal of training as everyone must remain synchronized or the entire unit will fall apart. Even during a retreat, the unit will maintain their ranks to ensure they can leave the field in good order.
+The province that raises the legion is responsible for their training and arms. The most common legion is outfitted with a short spear, short heavy sword, large shield, and heavy leather and chain hauberk. Over the year the more prosperous legions got heavier sword, long spears, and now wear plate and chain armor. Because they are infantry most soldiers avoid the heavier plate armor favored by Dakarian cavalry - even the charioteers prefer lighter armor offering mobility over heavy plate.
-^ Legion no. and title  ^ Main legionary base  ^ Emblem  ^ Date founded/founder  ^ Date disbanded  ^ Legion bases  ^ Notes  ^
+The command of the legion breaks down into ten soldiers, called a deca, and lead by a sergeant. A captain leads a trenta, which is three deca - a trenta is the most basic unit fielded. Finally a Centurian leads ten deca, or a hundred soldiers, which is often called a century. This is comprised of three trentas and their own personal deca.
+A complete legion is ten centuries, or one thousand soldiers. None of these numbers include the cooks, camp followers, or handlers that support the military. However, even during the height of the Second Empire no legion was ever close to full strength. Either through death or simply a lack of people most legions rarely counted more than eight hundred soldiers in their ranks.
-==== Holy Irillian Empire ====
+===== History =====
-^ Legion  ^ Home  ^ Emblem  ^ Date founded/founder  ^ Date disbanded  ^ Stationed  ^ Notes  ^
+During the First Empire the Irillian military was more of a concept that any concrete entity. Each warlord gathered about him the men of his own tribe and those tribes that followed him. From this number he was required to give one quarter of his fighting men to the Emperor. It was the Emperor's warriors that actually stood as the Irillian army at that time. Because each warlord gave one-fourth of their fighting men it ensured that the Emperor always had more warrior than any group of warlords, this reduced the change of a rebellion forming under a strong warlord.</p>
-| II Coranni  | xxx  | Sun  | xx  | xx  | [[atlas:Selcaria]]  |   |
-| III Leppapi  | xxx  | Lion  | xx  | xx  | [[atlas:Selcaria]]  |   |
-| V Domonii  | xxx  | Thunderbolt  | xx  | xx  | [[atlas:Valparia]]  |   |
-==== Republic of Irill ====
+Fearful of the rise of any military leader powerful enough to overthrow their rule, the Emperors divided the military into a number of prefectures, all but one would be commanded by a praetor. The largest one was called the praetorian guard and commanded by the Emperor himself. This was a turbulent time as the Empire grew and conquered many surrounding tribes, thus the Emperor was only seen personally leading his guard into battle.
-^ Legion no. and title  ^ Main legionary base  ^ Emblem  ^ Date founded/founder  ^ Date disbanded  ^ Legion bases  ^ Notes  ^
+==== The Victori ====
-The core if the Irillian army and most recognized of their units. The
+The rise of the Second Empire led to many changes in the military. Gone were the personal armies of the warlords. Untrustful of any leader holding to many warriors under their personal banner, the church built a single Imperial army named the Victori ("the conquerors"). Using the church as the model, the new army was built with a single leadership supported by multiple advisers. This created a clear-cut system system of rank between divisions of the basic unit, which was called the legion.
-legion is an infantry unit that fights in the traditional Irillian phalanx.
-This requires a great deal of training as everyone must remain synchronized
-or the entire unit will fall apart. Even during a retreat, the unit will
+The creation of this army was a first seen anywhere in the Realms. Unlike the fighting men of other tribal nations, the Victori were disciplined, organized, and in many ways represented the first attempt at a professional army. Each fit man was expected to serve the military for a 4 year indenture. However, how they served the military was open to interpretation by the legatus of the legion they served. Thus people with useful skills (smithing, leatherwork, engineering, etc.) would serve the military by providing those services during their term.
-maintain their ranks to ensure they can leave the field in good order.</P>
-<P>The provience that raises the legion is responsible for their training
-and arms. The most common legion is outfitted with a short spear, short
-heavy sword, large shield, and heavy leather and chain hauberk. Over the
-year the more prosperous legions got heavier sword, long spears, and now
-weat plate and chain armor. Because they are infantry most soldiers avoid
-the heavier plate armor favored by Dakarian cavalry &mdash; even the
-charioteers prefer lighter armor offering mobility over heavy plate.</P>
-<P>The command of the legion breaks down into ten soldiers, called a deca,
-and lead by a sergeant. A captain leads a trenta, which is three deca
-&mdash; a trenta is the most basic unit fielded. Finally a Centurian
-leads ten deca, or a hundred soldiers, which is often called a century.
-This is comprised of three trentas and their own personal deca.</P>
-<P>A complete legion is ten centuries, or one thousand soldiers. None
-of these numbers include the cooks, camp followers, or handlers that
-support the military. However, even during the height of the Second
-Empire no legion was ever close to full strength. Either through death
-or simply a lack of people most legions rarely counted more than eight
-hundred soldiers in their ranks.
-<h2><a name="history">History</a></h2>
-<p>During the First Empire the Irillian military was more of a concept
-that any concrete entity. Each warlord gathered about him the men of
-his own tribe and those tribes that followed him. From this number he
-was required to give one quarter of his fighting men to the Emperor. It
-was the Emperor's warriors that actually stood as the Irillian army at
-that time. Because each warlord gave one-fourth of their fighting men
-it ensured that the Emperor always had more warrior than any group of
-warlords, this reduced the change of a rebellion forming under a strong
-warlord.</p>
-<p>Fearful of the rise of any military leader powerful enough to
-overthrow their rule, the Emperors divided the military into a number
-of prefectures, all but one would be commanded by a praetor. The
-largest one was called the praetorian guard and commanded by the
-Emperor himself. This was a turbulent time as the Empire grew and
-conquered many surrounding tribes, thus the Emperor was only seen
-personally leading his guard into battle.</p>
-<h3>The Victori</h3>
+===== Composition =====
-<p>The rise of the Second Empire led to many changes in the military.
-Gone were the personal armies of the warlords. Untrustful of any leader
-holding to many warriors under their personal banner, the church built
-a single Imperial army named the Victori ("the conquerers"). Using the
-church as the model, the new army was built with a single leadership
-supported by multiple advisers. This created a clear-cut system system
-of rank between divisions of the basic unit, which was called the
-legion.</p>
-<p>The creation of this army was a first seen anywhere in the Realms.
-Unlike the fighting men of other tribal nations, the Victori were
-disciplined, organized, and in many ways represented the first attempt
-at a professional army. Each fit man was expected to serve the military
-for a 4 year indenture. However, how they served the military was open
-to interpretion by the legatus of the legion they served. Thus people
-with useful skills (smithing, leatherwork, engineering, etc.) would
-serve the military by providing those services during their term.</p>
+The Irillian army still stands as one of these most advanced in terms of leadership and composition in the Realms. Its tight structure and discipline makes it far more effective per man than any other. Its glaring weakness is the lack of any integrated cavalry. The Irillians field cavalry, but only as mounted archers, light skirmishers, and scouts - and most of those tend to be hired mercenaries led by Equestrian-rank families. Because of this the army does not field well against cavalry heavy armies.
+==== The Army ====
-<h2><a name="composition">Composition</a></h2>
+The Irillian army is divided into field units called Legions. Each legion was marked with both a number and a name. The name indicated where the legion was originally mustered (ex. XII Ijo) and the number was supposed to mark the order in which it was commissioned. However over the years the number has been changed such that there are several legions with duplicate numbers, but none with a duplicate name and number combination. If a legion is ever disbanded or destroyed that unique name and number cannot be used again.
-<p>The Irillian army still stands as one of these most advanced in
-terms of leadership and composition in the Realms. Its tight structure
-and discipline makes it far more effective per man than any other. Its
-glaring weakness is the lack of any integrated cavalry. The Irillians
-field cavalry, but only as mounted archers, light skirmishers, and
-scouts &mdash; and most of those tend to be hired mercenaries led by
-Equestrian-rank families. Because of this the army does not field well
-against cavalry heavy armies.</p>
+During the height of the Second Empire there were 36 commissioned Legions 2 more under commission. During most of the Republic's life the numbers of legions have remained steady at 24.
-<h3>The Army</h3>
-<p>The Irillian army is divided into field units called Legions. Each
-legion was marked with both a number and a name. The name indicated
-where the legion was originally mustered (ex. XII Ijo) and the
-number was supposed to mark the order in which it was commissioned.
-However over the years the number has been changed such that there are
-several legions with duplicate numbers, but none with a duplicate
-name and number combination. If a legion is ever disbanded or destroyed
-that unique name and number cannot be used again.</p>
-<p>During the height of the Second Empire there were 36 commissioned
-Legions 2 more under commission. During most of the Republic's life
-the numbers of legions have remained steady at 24.</p>
+==== Legion ====
-<h3>Legion</h3>
+An Irillian legion traditionally numbers anywhere from 3,500 to 6,500 men. Each legion is divided into 10 Cohorts. Cohorts 3 through 10 divided into 3 maniples. The first 2 Cohorts were of Millarian status, which means that they are comprised 10 maniples and are given the honor of holding the right line of the battle. In addition, any skilled specialists (i.e. engineers, blacksmiths, builders, etc.) were placed into the first cohort; although they don't stand in the line of battle.
-<p>An Irillian legion traditionally numbers anywhere from 3,500 to
-,500 men. Each legion is divided into 10 Cohorts. Cohorts 3 through
-divided into 3 maniples. The first 2 Cohorts were of Millarian
-status, which means that they are comprised 10 maniples and are given
-the honor of holding the right line of the battle. In addition, any
-skilled specialists (i.e. engineers, blacksmiths, builders, etc.) were
-placed into the first cohort; although they don't stand in the line
-of battle.</p>
-<p>Each maniple consists of 2 centuries, each century is made up of
-Tent Parties, and each Tent Party is comprised of 8 men. Each
-Tent Party was assigned a mule which would carry their tent, pots,
-millstone, and other sundry equipment. While in barracks the tent
-party would be assigned two adjacent rooms.<p>
-<p>The higher status of the First and Second Cohort meant that these
-would be comprised the most battle-hardened veterans. Typically these
-re-arrangements were done while the legion was in barracks or one rare
-occasions if the legion had to re-arrange itself to account for losses
-in the field. This was to avoid confusion in the ranks as legionnaires
-were moved between tent parties.</p>
-<ul>
+Each maniple consists of 2 centuries, each century is made up of 10 Tent Parties, and each Tent Party is comprised of 8 men. Each Tent Party was assigned a mule which would carry their tent, pots, millstone, and other sundry equipment. While in barracks the tent party would be assigned two adjacent rooms.
-<li>1 Legion = 10 Cohorts + 1 Alea + Auxilia + Magii</li>
-<li>1 Cohort = variable</li>
-  <ul>
-  <li>First Cohort = 6 Maniples, 2 Psiloi, Support Troops</li>
-  <li>Second Cohort = 6 Maniples, 2 Psiloi</li>
-  <li>Third-Tenth Cohort = 3 Maniples, 1 Psiloi</li>
-  </ul>
-<li>1 Maniple = 2 Centuries</li>
-<li>1 Century = 10 Tent Parties</li>
-<li>1 Tent Party = 8 Men</li>
-</ul>
+The higher status of the First and Second Cohort meant that these would be comprised the most battle-hardened veterans. Typically these re-arrangements were done while the legion was in barracks or one rare occasions if the legion had to re-arrange itself to account for losses in the field. This was to avoid confusion in the ranks as legionnaires were moved between tent parties.
-<h3>Alea (Calvary)</h3>
+  * 1 Legion = 10 Cohorts + 1 Alea + Auxilia + Magii
-<p>Cavalry has never been a very important part of any army for the
+  * 1 Cohort = variable
-Irillian Empire as the Irillians were not horsepeople. Nevertheless
+    * First Cohort = 6 Maniples, 2 Psiloi, Support Troops
-cavalry has played an important, if rather weak, role in the legionary
+    * Second Cohort = 6 Maniples, 2 Psiloi
-tactics. Numbering around one-fifth of a legion's forces, cavalry has
+    * Third-Tenth Cohort = 3 Maniples, 1 Psiloi
-traditionally been used to patrol, mobile archers, skirmishers, and
+  * 1 Maniple = 2 Centuries
-reconnaissance. They also provide a mobile defensive screen as the
+  * 1 Century = 10 Tent Parties
-legion is massing into their battle array.</p>
+  * 1 Tent Party = 8 Men
-<p>Cavalry is organized in an alae, which is comprised of 1000 riders.
-Each alae is sub-divided into 20 turmare of about 50 horsemen. Because
-of the way in which cavalry is used in relation to the legion each
-turmare is granted great latitude in accomplishing their tasks. These
-numbers are not as rigid as for the legion, since the true size depends
-on the composition of the mercenaries. The numbers for a complete
-Irillian alae of cavalry.</p>
-<p>As the Republican army has encountered stronger enemy cavalry on
-the field they have begun the process of changing their own use of
-cavalry. Given the strong connection between the legion and the Empire
-itself, this will take generations to fully enact any change.</p>
-<ul>
-<li>1 alae = 20 Turmare</li>
-<li>1 Turmare = 50 horsemen</li>
-</ul>
-<h3>Magii</h3>
+==== Alea (Calvary) ====
-<p>There exists no military structure for the Magii, but they are
-often deployed in the array of battle in small numbers. These men are
-skilled in the craft of magick, most often in those crafts that find
-the most use on the battlefield or immediately after a battle. The
-magicians are divided into circles who support the needs of the cohort
-they are attached to. The sole exception is the First Circle, which
-exists to directly support the needs of the legatus.</p>
-<ul>
+Cavalry has never been a very important part of any army for the Irillian Empire as the Irillians were not horsepeople. Nevertheless cavalry has played an important, if rather weak, role in the legionary tactics. Numbering around one-fifth of a legion's forces, cavalry has traditionally been used to patrol, mobile archers, skirmishers, and reconnaissance. They also provide a mobile defensive screen as the legion is massing into their battle array.
-<li>1 magii = 11 circles</li>
-<li>1 circle = 0-5 magicans</li>
-</ul>
+Cavalry is organized in an alae, which is comprised of 1000 riders. Each alae is sub-divided into 20 turmare of about 50 horsemen. Because of the way in which cavalry is used in relation to the legion each turmare is granted great latitude in accomplishing their tasks. These numbers are not as rigid as for the legion, since the true size depends on the composition of the mercenaries. The numbers for a complete Irillian alae of cavalry.
-<h3>Auxilia</h3>
+As the Republican army has encountered stronger enemy cavalry on the field they have begun the process of changing their own use of cavalry. Given the strong connection between the legion and the Empire itself, this will take generations to fully enact any change.
-<p>These troops represent those drawn from non-Irillian tribes, whether
-by support or mercenary. They provide the Legion with capabilities
-that they normally do not possess. While some of these troops are
-highly prized for their special knowledge, the vast majority are seen
-as secondary troops used for shock or skirmishing and not be be trusted
-in the array of battle.</p>
-<p>Auxilia are assigned to a legion as necessary and fall under the
-command on whatever cohort they are assigned to serve. Occasionally
-they are led by their own people, but this is a very rare occurance in
-all but the most skilled of Auxilia.</p>
+  * 1 alae = 20 Turmare
+  * 1 Turmare = 50 horsemen
-<h4>Psiloi</h4>
-<p>Roman citizens skilled with the crossbow are placed into the ranks
-of the psiloi and considered permentantly part of the legion to which
-they are attached. When fully mustered each legion will have a 4-5
-centuries of Psiloi crossbowmen attached to it, one for each Cohort.
-This century is sub-divided into 4 quarters (about 30 men each) and
-led by a quartus. Each century was commanded by the primi quartus.</p>
-<p>The First and Second Cohorts would each have two psiloi, while the
-others only had a single century.</p>
-<ul>
+==== Magii ====
-<li>1 century = 12 Militia</li>
-<li>1 militia = 12 Men</li>
-</ul>
+There exists no military structure for the Magii, but they are often deployed in the array of battle in small numbers. These men are skilled in the craft of magick, most often in those crafts that find the most use on the battlefield or immediately after a battle. The magicians are divided into circles who support the needs of the cohort they are attached to. The sole exception is the First Circle, which exists to directly support the needs of the legatus.
-<h3>Praetorian Guard</h3>
+  * 1 magii = 11 circles
-<p>During the first Empire there were several attempted military coups
+  * 1 circle = 0-5 magicans
-launched against the Emperor by the more powerful warlords using
-troops he committed to the Emperor's army. Several purges of the legions
-decimated its strength and ultimately helped its downfall. The leaders
-of the Second Empire decided to instead create the Praetorian Guard.
-The Praetoriansled by a pontifex, was loyal only to the church and its
-leaders.</p>
-<p>Given the best equipment and supported by the church the Praetorians
-could hold off mutinty by any legion, regardless of its legatus'
-support. Service in the Praetorians is considered more prestigious
-than the legion. They are paid 2-3 times what a legionnaire is paid
-and are never stationed abroad.</p>
-<p>The Republic has kept the Praetorians, but instead of its loyalty
-towards the church it serves the Senate.  The same as other congenality
-rule in the Republic, the Praetorians are led by two prefects of
-equestrian rank appointed by the Senate. 3 Cohorts are in a barracks
-by the Senate chambers, while the others are scattered at key points
-around the city.</p>
-<ul>
-<li>1 Guard = 9 Cohorts</li>
-<li>1 Cohort = variable</li>
-  <ul>
-  <li>First Cohort = 6 Maniples and Support Troops</li>
-  <li>Second-Ninth Cohort = 3 Maniples</li>
-  </ul>
-<li>1 Maniple = 2 Centuries</li>
-<li>1 Century = 10 Tent Parties</li>
-<li>1 Tent Party = 8 Men</li>
-</ul>
-<h3>Urban Cohorts (cohortes urbanae)</h3>
+==== Auxilia ====
-<p>In the Republic there was a need to station legionnaires in the
-larger city to assist with its defense. However, the structure of the
-legion was such that breaking it into individual units destroyed it
-strength. Thus it was that the Senate instituted the office of city
-prefect (praefectus urbi) and allowed him to raise up to 3 cohorts
-for the defense of his city. Each cohort was smaller than a legion
-cohort, but it was considered a prestigious position and the
-Praetorians often promoted men from here into their ranks.</p>
-<ul>
+These troops represent those drawn from non-Irillian tribes, whether by support or mercenary. They provide the Legion with capabilities that they normally do not possess. While some of these troops are highly prized for their special knowledge, the vast majority are seen is secondary troops used for shock or skirmishing and not be be trusted in the array of battle.
-<li>1 Urbanae = 3 cohorts</li>
-<li>1 Cohort = 3 maniples</li>
-<li>1 Maniple = 2 Centuries</li>
-<li>1 Century = 10 Tent Parties</li>
-<li>1 Tent Party = 5 Men</li>
-</ul>
+Auxilia are assigned to a legion as necessary and fall under the command on whatever cohort they are assigned to serve. Occasionally they are led by their own people, but this is a very rare occurrence in all but the most skilled of Auxilia.
-<h3>Barracks</h3>
-<p>Like the discipline of the legionary, the design of the barracks
-(both stationed and in the field) was set according to tradition and
-law. The tents are placed in the very center of the camp and are
-divided by the creation of streets within the barracks. In the center
-of each century is the tent for the centurion and likewise with the
-center of the barracks is the tent for the commanders. Immediately
-around the general's tent are small marketplaces, handicraft trades,
-and seats for all officers (so that they may voice objections in an
-open manner).</p>
-<p>One road large enough to easily move two wagons side-by-side is
-built in the center of each wall and stretching to its opposite number.
-Smaller single-wide roads are kept in the interior of each corner to
-allow for the quick movement of legionary to any point of attack. A
-single guard tower will be constructed where each road enters the camp.
-The siege engines and cavalry are stationed along the edge of the so
-that they may slow down or harry any attacking force until the legion
-can muster for battle.  This design builds on a sense of structure and
-gives the legionary the ability to mount a counter-attack from within
-their barracks.</p>
-<p>If a field barracks is expected to be used for more than a week
-then its defense is expanded. A wooden wall is constructed around the
-barracks and is protected by a dry ditch.</p>
+==== Psiloi ====
+Roman citizens skilled with the crossbow are placed into the ranks of the psiloi and considered permentantly part of the legion to which they are attached. When fully mustered each legion will have a 4-5 centuries of Psiloi crossbowmen attached to it, one for each Cohort. This century is sub-divided into 4 quarters (about 30 men each) and led by a quartus. Each century was commanded by the primi quartus.
-<h2><a name="service">Service</a></h2>
+The First and Second Cohorts would each have two psiloi, while the others only had a single century.
-<p>Each legionnaire is allowed to serve a maximum of 16 years before
-they must muster out. They may also serve an additional 4 years on
-reserve if they so choose. The only time this has been extended is
-by order of the dux while on an extended campaign. The longest it has
-ever been extended is to 25 years towards the end of the Second
-Empire. That decision proved so unpopular that the legions almost
-rebelled against their legatus.</p>
-<ul>Pay (yearly denarii)
+  * 1 century = 12 Militia
-<li>Legionnaire = 225d</li>
+  * 1 militia = 12 Men
-<li>Legionnaire = 225d</li>
-<li>Centurian = 5000-15,000</li>
-<li>Legionnaire = 225d</li>
-</ul>
-<h3>Punishments</h3>
+==== Praetorian Guard ====
-<p>Enrolling in the legionary requires taking a solemn military oath
-(sacramentum) to the Senate and Irillian people. This required giving
-up many of the rights he had while a citizen. Minor infractions of the
-military code (as determined by his commanding officier) often involved
-rationing, beating, or public flogging. Serious offenses led to fines
-or deductions from pay, reductions in rank, loss of service advantages,
-and even a dishonorable discharge from the legionary. The worst offenses
-(desertion) would lead to execution.</p>
-<p>The worst punishment when a legion was beset with problems was
-decimations. In this case a single cohort was selected and a random
-man from from each tent is selected and beaten to death by his other
-tent mates.</p>
-<h3>Rewards</h3>
+During the first Empire there were several attempted military coups launched against the Emperor by the more powerful warlords using troops he committed to the Emperor's army. Several purges of the legions decimated its strength and ultimately helped its downfall. The leaders of the Second Empire decided to instead create the Praetorian Guard. The Praetoriansled by a pontifex, was loyal only to the church and its leaders.
-<p>Rewards are given on the basis of rank. The sole exception to this is
-the civic crown (corona civica). This crown of oak leaves was awarded to
-any legionary that saved the life of a citizen. Legionary and
-non-commissioned officers below the rank of centurian were generally
-entitled to bonuses, a share of the spoils, and various decorations.
-The decorations generally were gold torques or armbands and metal
-disks (phalerae) that are worn on the breastplate during parades.</p>
-<p>Upon honorable discharge from the legionary a soldier recieved
-permission to marry, a pension, and a grant of land. Auxiliaries would
-get a diploma, which were two small engraved bronze tables that granted
-to that soldier the rights of his discharge. Often these rights included
-citizenship and the right to marry.</p>
+Given the best equipment and supported by the church the Praetorians could hold off mutiny by any legion, regardless of its legatus' support. Service in the Praetorians is considered more prestigious than the legion. They are paid 2-3 times what a legionnaire is paid and are never stationed abroad.
-<h4>Officers</h4>
+The Republic has kept the Praetorians, but instead of its loyalty towards the church it serves the Senate.  The same as other congeniality rule in the Republic, the Praetorians are led by two prefects of equestrian rank appointed by the Senate. 3 Cohorts are in a barracks by the Senate chambers, while the others are scattered at key points around the city.
-<p>Aside from the rewards above, centurions where also entitled to
-several other crowns. The most simple was a plain gold crown (corona
-aurea). A mural crown (corona muralis) was given to the first man over
-the walls of a besieged city. Higher officers could be awarded a
-ceremonial silver spear (hasta pura) or a small silver replica of a
-battle standard or Republican flag (vexillum). The highest military
-decoration was the siege crown (corona obsidionalis), which was made
-of grass and other vegetation and awarded to the officer responsible
-for delivering a besieged army.</p>
+  * 1 Guard = 9 Cohorts
+  * 1 Cohort = variable
+    * First Cohort = 6 Maniples and Support Troops
+    * Second-Ninth Cohort = 3 Maniples
+  * 1 Maniple = 2 Centuries
+  * 1 Century = 10 Tent Parties
+  * 1 Tent Party = 8 Men
-<h4>Generals</h4>
-<p>Victorious generals earned the most tangible rewards and the highest
-honors. Their homes would frequently have a trophy (tropaeum) placed
-in a prominent location, displays of enemy shields, weapons, and armor
-captured in battle. Generals could also claim the largest share of the
-spoils from conquered cities and tribes, including captives eligible to
-be sold into slavery (i.e. women and children). Enemy chieftains or
-rulers would be kept to march in the General's triumphal procession,
-which would most likely lead to their execution.</p>
-<p>The greatest reward of all was the triumph (triumphus), which was an
-elaborate procession through the city to the Irrishite temple. This
-honor is only awarded to a victorious general who was granted the title
-imperator or triumphator by the Senate. The procession would begin with
-hornblowers, priests, and sacrificial animals (the more unusual the
-better). Next came the bearers carrying masses of spoils and chained
-captives, the more prominent the better. The end of the procession were
-the victorious soldiers in parade dress, followed by the lictors,
-senators, and finally the imperator himself.</p>
-<p>The imperator rode a special gilded chariot pulled by 4 white
-horses. In addition to his parade dress he wore guilded shoes and was
-drapped in purple garments embroidered with gold. His weapons was a
-small ivory and silver spear topped with the Irrishite dragon and
-wrapped in a crown of laurel leaves. To maintain his humility a slave
-holds a gold crown over his head and repeatedly chants that he is only
-a mortal.</p>
-<p>A triumph is so significant that they are represented on the newly
-struck coins. When the imperator reached the great triumphal arch in
-the center of the city they would find their name already marked so that
-all of Irill's children would know of his deeds. The arch itself is
-made of pure white marble and topped with an image of an imperator
-driving a great 4-horse chariot. The imperator wears the mask of a
-dragon and hold a spear aloft in triumph. This image is very popular
-to strike on the back of imperator coins.</p>
+==== Urban Cohorts (cohortes urbanae) ====
+In the Republic there was a need to station legionnaires in the larger city to assist with its defense. However, the structure of the legion was such that breaking it into individual units destroyed it strength. Thus it was that the Senate instituted the office of city prefect (praefectus urbi) and allowed him to raise up to 3 cohorts for the defense of his city. Each cohort was smaller than a legion cohort, but it was considered a prestigious position and the Praetorians often promoted men from here into their ranks.
-<h2><a name="ranks">Ranks</a></h2>
+  * 1 Urbanae = 3 cohorts
-<p>Given the structure of the Irillian army it is no wonder that they
+  * 1 Cohort = 3 maniples
-have so many ranks within. These ranks can been divided into two
+  * 1 Maniple = 2 Centuries
-classes: officers and non-commissioned. In addition to other
+  * 1 Century = 10 Tent Parties
-adornments, officers wear a wide crest turned sideways such that it
+  * 1 Tent Party = 5 Men
-appears to be a halo over their head.</p>
-<h3>dux</h3>
+==== Barracks ====
-<p>Every military campaign has a single general assigned to undertake
-its missions. The dux must be at least of Senatorial class and are
-typically consuls or ex-consuls, since they had to at least praetorian
-rank in order to be granted imperium (the right to command). During
-the early Empire there were multiple campaigns and thus there was never
-a single commander-in-chief over all of Irill's legions.</p>
-<h3>legatus</h3>
+Like the discipline of the legionary, the design of the barracks (both stationed and in the field) was set according to tradition and law. The tents are placed in the very center of the camp and are divided by the creation of streets within the barracks. In the center of each century is the tent for the centurion and likewise with the center of the barracks is the tent for the commanders. Immediately around the general's tent are small marketplaces, handicraft trades, and seats for all officers (so that they may voice objections in an open manner).
-<p>In full command of the legion is the legatus. He must have served
-previously as a tribune and would be expected serve a several years as
-legate before returning to seek political office. If the legatus proves
-himself successfulin the field they are often afforded the highest
-political office open. Because of this the actual office of legatus is
-more political than military in origin, thus most legates rely heavily
-on their centurions and other regular officers for advice and
-guidance. Each legatus must be of at least Senatorial class.</p>
-<h3>camp prefect</h3>
+One road large enough to easily move two wagons side-by-side is built in the center of each wall and stretching to its opposite number. Smaller single-wide roads are kept in the interior of each corner to allow for the quick movement of legionary to any point of attack. A single guard tower will be constructed where each road enters the camp. The siege engines and cavalry are stationed along the edge of the so that they may slow down or harry any attacking force until the legion can muster for battle.  This design builds on a sense of structure and gives the legionary the ability to mount a counter-attack from within their barracks.
-<p>The camp prefect was the senior non-commissioned soldier of the
-legion. A battle-hardened veteran, this is the peak of his military
-career. Before being raised to this position they must have served
-as primus pilus while the legion was in the field. The camp prefect
-acted as the second-in-command of the legion and would take control of
-the unit in the legate’s absence.</p>
-<h3>tribunes</h3>
+If a field barracks is expected to be used for more than a week then its defense is expanded. A wooden wall is constructed around the barracks and is protected by a dry ditch.
-<p>Six tribunes served each legate. The tribunes serve to spread the
-call to arms and rally the formation of the legion. Once in the field,
-the tribunes serve as more as close advisors to the legate. This is
-often seen as a stepping stone on the rise to political power in the
-civil service. A tribune must be of at least Senatorial class to
-serve.</p>
-<h3>aquilifer</h3>
-<p>One of the highest positions within legion is that of the standard
-bearer. This person is responsible for maintaining and protecting the
-honorable standard of the legion. So great was the loss of the banner
-that entire legions have been disbanded when the banner was captured
-during battle. Only by recapturing the banner could a legion restore
-its honor. The banner itself is typically the Irillian Dragon cast in
-silver and surrounded by the legion's battle tropies.</p>
-<h3>primus magii</h3>
-<p>The leader of the magii that are currently serving any legion. The
-number of magii that serve a legion depends on the need, so it is not
-unheard of for a primus magii to serve only a handful of magii. They
-also serve as a direct advisor to the legatus and thus must be drawn
-from the equestrian or senatorial ranks.</p>
-<h3>primus pilus</h3>
+===== Service =====
-<p>This is the first centurion of the legion. Drawn from the ranks of
-the Centuriate, this senior centurion was considered the most
-battle-hardened and served as the prime driving force behind the
-legion. In many legions his word carries stronger than that of the
-legate, for he is a man of the ranks. He personally commands the
-First Cohort during battle.</p>
-<h3>princeps secundus</h3>
+Each legionnaire is allowed to serve a maximum of 16 years before they must muster out. They may also serve an additional 4 years on reserve if they so choose. The only time this has been extended is by order of the dux while on an extended campaign. The longest it has ever been extended is to 25 years towards the end of the Second Empire. That decision proved so unpopular that the legions almost rebelled against their legatus.
-<p>Seen as just a half-step below the primus pilus, and serving in his
-stead should he fall in battle, is the princeps secundus. His personal
-command was over the Second Cohort.</p>
-<h3>primi ordines</h3>
+  * Pay (yearly denarii)
-<p>The five most senior centurions in each of the two Millarian Cohorts
+    * Legionnaire = 225d
-were given this title. They we responsible for the other centurions
+    * Legionnaire = 225d
-within the Millarian Cohort and were traditionally drawn from the most
+    * Centurian = 5000-15,000
-battle experienced centurions of the cohort.</p>
+    * Legionnaire = 225d
-<h3>pilus prior</h3>
-<p>Cohorts three through ten of the legion was each commanded by a
-pilus prior. Other than the lower status than either the primus pilus or
-primus secundus, they serve the same role and are drawn for the same
-experience in battle.</p>
-<h3>centurion</h3>
+==== Punishments ====
-<p>Commanded the century. All of the centurions within the legion were
-referred to as the Centuriate. All centurions are distinguised on the
-battlefield by their uniform. Their armor is silvered, his quintus is
-worn on his left rather than right side, and wear a crest on his
-helmet.</p>
-<h3>tesserarius</h3>
+Enrolling in the legionary requires taking a solemn military oath (sacramentum) to the Senate and Irillian people. This required giving up many of the rights he had while a citizen. Minor infractions of the military code (as determined by his commanding officier) often involved rationing, beating, or public flogging. Serious offenses led to fines or deductions from pay, reductions in rank, loss of service advantages, and even a dishonorable discharge from the legionary. The worst offenses (desertion) would lead to execution.
-<p>This well paid position (+50% of standard) was in charge of all guard
-duties. They see to the protection of the century while in the field and
-maintain the roster of the century while in garrision duty.</p>
-<h3>signifer</h3>
+The worst punishment when a legion was beset with problems was decimations. In this case a single cohort was selected and a random man from from each tent is selected and beaten to death by his other tent mates.
-<p>Carries the battle standard of the century. While there was less
-shame in the century's standard being captured or destroyed this was
-still a very significant post as the century standard served as a
-rally point if the century was broken up during the battle. It also
-allowed others to see the position of any single centurion under their
-control. Additional duties included keeping track of all pay and
-expenses. This garnered them double the standard pay.</p>
-<p>Like the centurion's the helmet of the signifer varies in order to
-depict their higher status. This typically invovles draping the helmet
-with the skin of a great hunting cat, bird or prey, or other predator
-animal. Because of the symbolism of the dragon under no circumstances
-would any reptillian skin be used.</p>
-<h3>cornicen</h3>
+==== Rewards ====
-<p>The hornblower. A pitched battle was a confusing place and the
-complex capabilities of the Republican army are executed because of
-the strict chain of command. During the battles when sending runners
-between centurions is impossible, the army sends commands by the
-use of hornblowers. Through a complex system, the hornblowers are able
-to communicate quite effectively with each other.</p>
-<h3>optio</h3>
+Rewards are given on the basis of rank. The sole exception to this is the civic crown (corona civica). This crown of oak leaves was awarded to any legionary that saved the life of a citizen. Legionary and non-commissioned officers below the rank of centurian were generally entitled to bonuses, a share of the spoils, and various decorations. The decorations generally were gold torques or armbands and metal disks (phalerae) that are worn on the breastplate during parades.
-<p>Served as the backup to the centurion in case they fell during
-battle and served to assist the centurion in the training of the
-men. Not all centurions select a second-in-command, but tradition and
-the pressures of single-command make this position a necessity to any
-century in the field.</p>
+Upon honorable discharge from the legionary a soldier received permission to marry, a pension, and a grant of land. Auxiliaries would get a diploma, which were two small engraved bronze tables that granted to that soldier the rights of his discharge. Often these rights included citizenship and the right to marry.
-<h3>decurion</h3>
-<p>Commanded a turmare of cavalry, which is about 30-40 horsemen. Even
-if the cavalry is made up of foriegn horsement, the decurion will be
-drawn from the ranks of the Equestrian citizens.</p>
+==== Officers ====
+Aside from the rewards above, centurions where also entitled to several other crowns. The most simple was a plain gold crown (corona aurea). A mural crown (corona muralis) was given to the first man over the walls of a besieged city. Higher officers could be awarded a ceremonial silver spear (hasta pura) or a small silver replica of a battle standard or Republican flag (vexillum). The highest military decoration was the siege crown (corona obsidionalis), which was made of grass and other vegetation and awarded to the officer responsible for delivering a besieged army.
-<h3>centurion secundus</h3>
-<p>Oversaw the command of a centry of Auxilla. This title held no real
-power to question as the Auxilla were seen as falling outside the
-command structure of the legion.</p>
-<h3>primi quartus</h3>
+==== Generals ====
-<p>Commands a century of Psiloi and serves under the command of either a
+Victorious generals earned the most tangible rewards and the highest honors. Their homes would frequently have a trophy (tropaeum) placed in a prominent location, displays of enemy shields, weapons, and armor captured in battle. Generals could also claim the largest share of the spoils from conquered cities and tribes, including captives eligible to be sold into slavery (i.e. women and children). Enemy chieftains or rulers would be kept to march in the General's triumphal procession, which would most likely lead to their execution.
-tribune or primi ordines.</p>
-<h3>quartus</h3>
+The greatest reward of all was the triumph (triumphus), which was an elaborate procession through the city to the Irrishite temple. This honor is only awarded to a victorious general who was granted the title imperator or triumphator by the Senate. The procession would begin with hornblowers, priests, and sacrificial animals (the more unusual the better). Next came the bearers carrying masses of spoils and chained captives, the more prominent the better. The end of the procession were the victorious soldiers in parade dress, followed by the lictors, senators, and finally the imperator himself.
-<p>Leads a quarter of the Psiloi attached to the legion. Typically a
-quarter will be assigned to a Cohort and will fall under its
-command.</p>
+The imperator rode a special gilded chariot pulled by 4 white horses. In addition to his parade dress he wore guilded shoes and was drapped in purple garments embroidered with gold. His weapons was a small ivory and silver spear topped with the Irrishite dragon and wrapped in a crown of laurel leaves. To maintain his humility a slave holds a gold crown over his head and repeatedly chants that he is only a mortal.
+A triumph is so significant that they are represented on the newly struck coins. When the imperator reached the great triumphal arch in the center of the city they would find their name already marked so that all of Irill's children would know of his deeds. The arch itself is made of pure white marble and topped with an image of an imperator driving a great 4-horse chariot. The imperator wears the mask of a dragon and hold a spear aloft in triumph. This image is very popular to strike on the back of imperator coins.
-<h2><a name="tactics">Tactics</a></h2>
-<p>During the First Empire the tactics used on the battlefield were
-no different that those used of many of their neighboring tribes, it
-was just that the Irillians had the combination of strong leadership
-and luck on their side. It wasn't until the rise of the Second Empire
-that the soldiers were disciplined enough to accept a new level of
-tactics. Tatically during the Second Empire the Irillian legions were
-so superior to any other military that even when vastly outnumbered
-they carried the day.</p>
-<p>The Republic has made several changes to military tactics in order to
-adapt to what their enemies have brought to the field. The ever
-increasing use of cavalry has caused the Irillians to lengthen their
-battle array. Since each Legion tends to fight as a unit when having
-multiple legions take the field at the same time the battlefield is
-drawn along lines of control.</p>
-<p>Still, it is the division of forces and discipline of those forces
-that continues to strengthen the Irillian army. Horns are used to
-signal changes and banners help the commanding forces keep track of
-those units under their control.</p>
-<h3>Battle Array</h3>
-<p>Each legion starts with a strong right, thus it is fitting that
-the first cohort is placed in the front ranks of the right. The battle
-array is 2 deep and 5 cohorts wide. The alea was split into two wings
-that worked to funnel the enemy into the center of the legion. Behind
-the second rank of cohorts stood the psiloi, where they could use their
-crossbows to deadly effect before the legions clashed. If any where
-attached to the legion, the auxilia stood behind the psiloi where they
-acted as a light and mobile reserve.</p>
-<h3>Units</h3>
+===== Ranks =====
-<p>While in battle each maniple (160 men) would be divided according to
-century with the most verteran unit in the back. Internally, each
-century is divided into 16 ranks and 5 deep. The centurion would be
-at the front to the far right (occupying his own rank).</p>
-<p>When just deploying in Cohorts, the number of men available is
-significantly reduced. In this case the file (depth) is always
-maintained, with only the number of ranks being reduced. This maintains
-the strength of the Irillian army to push through and exploit any
-enemy unit. Because of its increased size the First and Second Cohort
-is typically deployed in 5 centuries of 18 files and 9 ranks.</p>
+Given the structure of the Irillian army it is no wonder that they have so many ranks within. These ranks can been divided into two classes: officers and non-commissioned. In addition to other adornments, officers wear a wide crest turned sideways such that it appears to be a halo over their head.
-<h2><a name="equipment">Equipment</a></h2>
+==== dux ====
-<p>During the First Empire the warriors wore fur or soft leather
-tunics, leather caps, and typically used spears, axes, and simple bows
-for weapons. The Second Empire saw an effort to bring uniformity to
-the army. A soldier was expected to muster with a shield, sword or
-spear, dagger, and either hardened leather or chain armor. Those that
-could not afford this were placed into the auxilia. The auxilia was
-expected to muster with leather tunics, javelins or darts, and a dagger.
-In the late Second Empire much of the auxilia that were Irillian
-citizens were trained in the use of crossbows and moved into the
-psiloi. The Second Empire saw the requirement that everybody where
-military sandals (caligae) as these greatly improved the ability of
-the legion to march for miles at a time. Most of the shields used
-were an elongated hoplite design so they covered a large percentage of
-the body. During the mid- to late-period of the Second Empire the
-standard shield was increased in width such that they took on the more
-familiar rectangular design.</p>
-<h3>Republic</h3>
+Every military campaign has a single general assigned to undertake its missions. The dux must be at least of Senatorial class and are typically consuls or ex-consuls, since they had to at least praetorian rank in order to be granted imperium (the right to command). During the early Empire there were multiple campaigns and thus there was never a single commander-in-chief over all of Irill's legions.
-<p>In the Republic, each legionnaire is outfitted with fully segmented
-plate armor backed by leather with chain protection around the
-full motion areas. The helmet was changed to include cheek guards and
-a neck guard reinforced with cross-braces to protect against overhand
-chopping blows. The shields now were fully rectangular and curled in on
-all of the quarters so that they could be interlocked without
-interferring with the fighting ability of the unit. A large steel boss
-was put into the center of the shield so that it can be used as a
-weapon if necessary.</p>
-<p>A Republican legionnaire also carried different weapons. The heavy
-spears were replaced by pilums, which is a short javelin with a heavy
-iron head that would break the shaft upon impact. The short gladius
-was replaced with a longer version, but it was still designed strictly
-for stabbing from behind the shield. All legionary are still required
-to carry a dagger for use in emergencies. Over the Republican armor
-each legionnaire wears a leather overtunic emblazoned with the Irillian
-dragon on a gold diamond. The back of the tunic is marked with stripes
-to identify what century the legionnaire belongs to.</p>
-<p>Unlike during the Second Empire when a legionnaire had to provide
-their own equipment, each Republican legionnaire is granted a single
-set of equipment that they are required to maintain. The cost is taken
-in small amounts out of their base pay for their first year. All weapons
-are provided by the legion with the veterans getting the first pick
-of any new weapons - or the spoils from the battlefield. Because of the
-disciplined nature of legion unique weapons are not allowed, this is the
-exact opposite of the auxilia.</p>
-<p>When they muster with high honors each legionnaire will be presented
-with a dress uniform, including full armor and shield, that they are
-expected to maintain and can wear during holidays. Those mustering
-out with honors will be presented with a sword and pilum and can
-purchase a new set of armor for approximately 25% of what it would
-normally cost. All legionnaire not mustered out in disgrace take with
-them all of the arms and armor they carried while in service in
-addition to any spoils owed to them by the legion. These same rules
-apply to any member of the psiloi, while the auxilia leave only with
-what they personally own.</p>
-<p>The advantage gained is that each Republican town near the borders
-or inside of conquered territory (where land grants were given) now
-had retired legionnaires with their full fighting gear. This provides
-any garrison with veteran troops that they can call upon if the need
-arises. Because all legions fight according to the same doctrine it
-is easy to integrate veteran legionary into a new unit.</p>
+==== legatus ====
+In full command of the legion is the legatus. He must have served previously as a tribune and would be expected serve a several years as legate before returning to seek political office. If the legatus proves himself successfulin the field they are often afforded the highest political office open. Because of this the actual office of legatus is more political than military in origin, thus most legates rely heavily on their centurions and other regular officers for advice and guidance. Each legatus must be of at least Senatorial class.
-Personal Weapons
+==== camp prefect ====
-The basic arms of the legions in the mid-first century were largely
+The camp prefect was the senior non-commissioned soldier of the legion. A battle-hardened veteran, this is the peak of his military career. Before being raised to this position they must have served as primus pilus while the legion was in the field. The camp prefect acted as the second-in-command of the legion and would take control of the unit in the legate’s absence.
- the same as those used in Caesar’s day. The legionary was equipped
- with ranged weapons as well as those used for close quarters. In a
- classic engagement the legionaries would hurl their javelins at the
- approaching enemy. The javelin had a heavy iron head at the end of an
- untempered spike of iron which was fastened to the wooden shaft with
- a thin wooden peg. On impact the peg would break and the the iron
- spike might well bend, effectively fixing it in the shield of an enemy
- and rendering that shield useless. Either way the javelin could not
- be thrown back at its owner.
-Once the enemy was engaged at close quarters the legionary would be
+==== tribunes ====
- able to use his short sword – the gladius. Specifically designed as
- a stabbing weapon the short sword was a brutally effective weapon when
- used in a tight packed melee thrusting our from the close linked wall
- of shields that protected the Roman infantry. These shields were
- rectangles that curved back at the edges and mounted a solid iron or
- bronze that could be used as a weapon in its own right. Beyond the
- short sword the legionary was equipped with a broad leafed dagger for
- emergencies.
-Body protection was provided by a helmet with cheek guards and a neck
+Six tribunes served each legate. The tribunes serve to spread the call to arms and rally the formation of the legion. Once in the field, the tribunes serve as more as close advisors to the legate. This is often seen as a stepping stone on the rise to political power in the civil service. A tribune must be of at least Senatorial class to serve.
- guard reinforced by cross braces to guard against chopping blows to
-the head. Up until the mid-first century the legionary’s torso was
- protected by a chain mail shirt worn over a wool or leather jerkin.
- Thereafter the more familiar segmented armour began to appear; a
- corselet of metal bands fastened to a harness that provided a lighter,
- stronger and cheaper form of equipment.
-Military sandals (caligae) were as important as armour, because the
+==== aquilifer ====
- legions won wars by fast marches as much as by battle. These boots
- were strong and well-ventilated. with patterns of iron hobnails
- especially designed to take weight and withstand miles of marching.
-The pugio or dagger was worn on the left, and a gladius, or short
+One of the highest positions within legion is that of the standard bearer. This person is responsible for maintaining and protecting the honorable standard of the legion. So great was the loss of the banner that entire legions have been disbanded when the banner was captured during battle. Only by recapturing the banner could a legion restore its honor. The banner itself is typically the Irillian Dragon cast in silver and surrounded by the legion's battle tropies.
- sword, on the right. Both were Spansih types copied by the Romans.
- The sword was a terrible stabbing weapon, short enough to wield easily
- in the crush of battle. It was horribly effective against the most
- unarmoured Gauls.
-The cingulim, or belt, was a soldier's badge of office, worn with the
+==== primus magii ====
- tunic at all times. The "apron" of decorated leather strips gave some
- protection to the groin in battle. Also, the jangling noise made by
- the apron when the legionaries marched helped to intimidate the enemy.
+The leader of the magii that are currently serving any legion. The number of magii that serve a legion depends on the need, so it is not unheard of for a primus magii to serve only a handful of magii. They also serve as a direct advisor to the legatus and thus must be drawn from the equestrian or senatorial ranks.
-Marius's Mule: a fully loaded legionary on the march carrried more than
+==== primus pilus ====
- armour, weapons and a shield. Each man had a heavy pack held over the
- shoulder, which included a tool kit and a dish and pan. This burden
- weighed 90 pounds or more, and often had to be carried up to 20 miles
- a day! Legionaries were called Marius's mules after the general who
- started the practice.
+This is the first centurion of the legion. Drawn from the ranks of the Centuriate, this senior centurion was considered the most battle-hardened and served as the prime driving force behind the legion. In many legions his word carries stronger than that of the legate, for he is a man of the ranks. He personally commands the First Cohort during battle.
-Generals and other officers wore Greek style armor
+==== princeps secundus ====
- over the military tunic—a molded leather breastplate that imitated the
- musculature of the chest and fringed strips of leather over the thighs
- and shoulders. Extant depictions of generals (like this relief of the
- emperor Trajan addressing his troops) do not show generals wearing
- helmets, but they may of course have worn them in battle. The item of
- clothing that visually distinguished a general from all other officers
- was his purple cloak (this was a military style cloak, called a
- lacerna, that was fastened by a large brooch on one shoulder).
+Seen as just a half-step below the primus pilus, and serving in his stead should he fall in battle, is the princeps secundus. His personal command was over the Second Cohort.
-During much of this period an ordinary legionary soldier (miles legionarius) wore fairly standard armor, which was well adapted to the legionary style of fighting. Over a simple woolen military tunic (which ended above the knees), he wore a corselet made of curved strips of metal fastened together with leather thongs (known today as the lorica segmentata, though this may not have been its name in antiquity); this provided good protection with the maximum amount of flexibility. His helmet (galea) was made of metal (usually iron); though there were various styles of helmet, most had a round cap with a ring on top (for fastening a plume when on parade), hinged cheekpieces, a neck protector in back, and no visor. His military boots (caligae) were laced high over the ankle and had carefully placed hobnails on the sole for traction. Around his waist he wore a military belt (cingulum militare) to which were attached a sheath and short dagger (pugio). From the front of the belt, over his belly, were suspended strips of leather to which metal disks were riveted. In his left hand he carried a large shield (scutum), usually a curved rectangular shape though sometimes oval; this was made of leather and canvas stretched over a wooden frame and was often decorated with individual designs representing his service, century, and cohort. Over the handgrip was a round metal boss that provided room for his hand and was useful for deflecting blows. His primary throwing weapon was a carefully designed javelin (pilum), of which he carried one or two. These had sharp, tempered metal points attached to long, untempered metal shafts that would bend on impact, making the javelin hard to pull out of a wound or shield and impossible to reuse by the enemy. His sword (gladius) was designed for the stabbing and thrusting (rather than slashing) style of hand-to-hand combat favored by the legions; it was short (approximately 20-22 inches long), with a two-edged blade that tapered to a sharp point and was carried in a scabbard suspended from a shoulder belt. Click on the following for more images:
+==== primi ordines ====
+The five most senior centurions in each of the two Millarian Cohorts were given this title. They we responsible for the other centurions within the Millarian Cohort and were traditionally drawn from the most battle experienced centurions of the cohort.
+==== pilus prior ====
+Cohorts three through ten of the legion was each commanded by a pilus prior. Other than the lower status than either the primus pilus or primus secundus, they serve the same role and are drawn for the same experience in battle.
-Cavalry
+==== centurion ====
-Roman cavalry of the early and middle Empire was organized in alae,
+Commanded the century. All of the centurions within the legion were referred to as the Centuriate. All centurions are distinguised on the battlefield by their uniform. Their armor is silvered, his quintus is worn on his left rather than right side, and wear a crest on his helmet.
- units of 500 to 1,000 men divided into squadrons, or turmae, of 30 or
-horsemen under the command of decurions. We know that the Romans
- used a kind of saddle, with four saddle horns for anchoring baggage,
- but they had no knowledge of stirrups, although they did use spurs.
- They also used horseshoes and snaffle bits, and some of their horses
- wore armored cataphractus blankets of bronze scales, although there is
- little evidence that this form of armor, or armored cavalry, was ever
- widely used.
+==== tesserarius ====
+This well paid position (+50% of standard) was in charge of all guard duties. They see to the protection of the century while in the field and maintain the roster of the century while in garrision duty.
-Praetorian Guard
+==== signifer ====
-As can be seen from the statue at right
+Carries the battle standard of the century. While there was less shame in the century's standard being captured or destroyed this was still a very significant post as the century standard served as a rally point if the century was broken up during the battle. It also allowed others to see the position of any single centurion under their control. Additional duties included keeping track of all pay and expenses. This garnered them double the standard pay.
-, their armor was similar to the dress uniform of earlier Republican
- troops, with molded leather breastplates and helmets with visors and
- crests. To learn more about the praetorians, visit the Praetorian Camp
- in Region VI of VRoma, either via the web gateway or the anonymous
- browser.
+Like the centurion's the helmet of the signifer varies in order to depict their higher status. This typically involves draping the helmet with the skin of a great hunting cat, bird or prey, or other predator animal. Because of the symbolism of the dragon under no circumstances would any reptillian skin be used.
+==== cornicen ====
+The hornblower. A pitched battle was a confusing place and the complex capabilities of the Republican army are executed because of the strict chain of command. During the battles when sending runners between centurions is impossible, the army sends commands by the use of hornblowers. Through a complex system, the hornblowers are able to communicate quite effectively with each other.
+==== optio ====
+Served as the backup to the centurion in case they fell during battle and served to assist the centurion in the training of the men. Not all centurions select a second-in-command, but tradition and the pressures of single-command make this position a necessity to any century in the field.
+==== decurion ====
+Commanded a turmare of cavalry, which is about 30-40 horsemen. Even if the cavalry is made up of foreign horsement, the decurion will be drawn from the ranks of the Equestrian citizens.
+==== centurion secundus ====
+Oversaw the command of a centry of Auxilla. This title held no real power to question as the Auxilla were seen as falling outside the command structure of the legion.
+==== primi quartus ====
+Commands a century of Psiloi and serves under the command of either a tribune or primi ordines.
+==== quartus ====
+Leads a quarter of the Psiloi attached to the legion. Typically a quarter will be assigned to a Cohort and will fall under its command.
+===== Tactics =====
+During the First Empire the tactics used on the battlefield were no different that those used of many of their neighboring tribes, it was just that the Irillians had the combination of strong leadership and luck on their side. It wasn't until the rise of the Second Empire that the soldiers were disciplined enough to accept a new level of tactics. Tactically during the Second Empire the Irillian legions were so superior to any other military that even when vastly outnumbered they carried the day.
+The Republic has made several changes to military tactics in order to adapt to what their enemies have brought to the field. The ever increasing use of cavalry has caused the Irillians to lengthen their battle array. Since each Legion tends to fight as a unit when having multiple legions take the field at the same time the battlefield is drawn along lines of control.
+Still, it is the division of forces and discipline of those forces that continues to strengthen the Irillian army. Horns are used to signal changes and banners help the commanding forces keep track of those units under their control.
+==== Battle Array ====
+Each legion starts with a strong right, thus it is fitting that the first cohort is placed in the front ranks of the right. The battle array is 2 deep and 5 cohorts wide. The alea was split into two wings that worked to funnel the enemy into the center of the legion. Behind the second rank of cohorts stood the psiloi, where they could use their crossbows to deadly effect before the legions clashed. If any where attached to the legion, the auxilia stood behind the psiloi where they acted as a light and mobile reserve.
+==== Units ====
+While in battle each maniple (160 men) would be divided according to century with the most veteran unit in the back. Internally, each century is divided into 16 ranks and 5 deep. The centurion would be at the front to the far right (occupying his own rank).
+When just deploying in Cohorts, the number of men available is significantly reduced. In this case the file (depth) is always maintained, with only the number of ranks being reduced. This maintains the strength of the Irillian army to push through and exploit any enemy unit. Because of its increased size the First and Second Cohort is typically deployed in 5 centuries of 18 files and 9 ranks.
+===== Equipment =====
+During the First Empire the warriors wore fur or soft leather tunics, leather caps, and typically used spears, axes, and simple bows for weapons. The Second Empire saw an effort to bring uniformity to the army. A soldier was expected to muster with a shield, sword or spear, dagger, and either hardened leather or chain armor. Those that could not afford this were placed into the auxilia. The auxilia was expected to muster with leather tunics, javelins or darts, and a dagger.
+In the late Second Empire much of the auxilia that were Irillian citizens were trained in the use of crossbows and moved into the psiloi. The Second Empire saw the requirement that everybody where military sandals (caligae) as these greatly improved the ability of the legion to march for miles at a time. Most of the shields used were an elongated hoplite design so they covered a large percentage of the body. During the mid- to late-period of the Second Empire the standard shield was increased in width such that they took on the more familiar rectangular design.
+====Republic ====
+In the Republic, each legionnaire is outfitted with fully segmented
+plate armor backed by leather with chain protection around the
+full motion areas. The helmet was changed to include cheek guards and
+a neck guard reinforced with cross-braces to protect against overhand
+chopping blows. The shields now were fully rectangular and curled in on
+all of the quarters so that they could be interlocked without
+interferring with the fighting ability of the unit. A large steel boss
+was put into the center of the shield so that it can be used as a
+weapon if necessary.</p>
+A Republican legionnaire also carried different weapons. The heavy spears were replaced by pilums, which is a short javelin with a heavy iron head that would break the shaft upon impact. The short gladius was replaced with a longer version, but it was still designed strictly for stabbing from behind the shield. All legionary are still required to carry a dagger for use in emergencies. Over the Republican armor each legionnaire wears a leather overtunic emblazoned with the Irillian dragon on a gold diamond. The back of the tunic is marked with stripes to identify what century the legionnaire belongs to.
+Unlike during the Second Empire when a legionnaire had to provide their own equipment, each Republican legionnaire is granted a single set of equipment that they are required to maintain. The cost is taken in small amounts out of their base pay for their first year. All weapons are provided by the legion with the veterans getting the first pick of any new weapons - or the spoils from the battlefield. Because of the disciplined nature of legion unique weapons are not allowed, this is the exact opposite of the auxilia.
-Artillery
+When they muster with high honors each legionnaire will be presented with a dress uniform, including full armor and shield, that they are expected to maintain and can wear during holidays. Those mustering out with honors will be presented with a sword and pilum and can purchase a new set of armor for approximately 25% of what it would normally cost. All legionnaire not mustered out in disgrace take with them all of the arms and armor they carried while in service in addition to any spoils owed to them by the legion. These same rules apply to any member of the psiloi, while the auxilia leave only with what they personally own.
-Each legion was also provided with its own artillery. There were two
+The advantage gained is that each Republican town near the borders or inside of conquered territory (where land grants were given) now had retired legionnaires with their full fighting gear. This provides any garrison with veteran troops that they can call upon if the need arises. Because all legions fight according to the same doctrine it is easy to integrate veteran legionary into a new unit.
-types of torsion artillery piece; light bolt throwers than could be
- mounted on wagons. The ballista could shoot a heavy iron bolt or
-spherical rock a considerable distance with great force. They
-comfortably outranged most archers and slingers and could provide a
-devastating barrage on lightly armoured enemy troops either in the
- open or behind light fortifications.
-The heavier artillery piece, the onager, had to be dismantled for
- transport and thus was more often used in a siege capacity. The
- onagers could hurl heavy stones hundreds of yards and the plummeting
- trajectory was devastating against those sheltered by fortifications.
 {{tag>irill military}}